Аргументация, публична и стратегическа комуникация
Argumentation, Public and Strategic Communication
DOI: 10.55206/NNUH7157
Lilia Zainieva
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan
E-mail: zainieval@mail.ru
Aigul Abzhapparova
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan
E-mail: aigul.abzhapparova@gmail.com
Elmira Suimbayeva
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan
E-mail: ehlmira9@mail.ru
Abstract: The article emphasizes that the implementation of youth policy depends on many factors, primarily on its implementation at all levels: international, regional and national. This article is devoted to the study of youth policy issues in line with the last two levels. It is based on the materials of the European Union and a number of states in this region. Such issues as the creation and establishment of the activities of pan-European structures are being considered. Moreover, this process is analyzed not only at the level of state bodies, but also non-governmental organizations, especially youth. Special attention is paid to international cooperation in the field of youth policy. A significant part of the article is occupied by materials related to work among young people in specific European countries. They summarize the experience in the field of education, employment and other main areas of the young generation’s life, highlight the features of this experience in order to use it by other states. The analysis showed that European countries have accumulated sufficient potential in working with young people. The achievements of the European Union as a whole are also of interest, especially in the development of integration processes, the unification of organizational, legal and material resources.
Keywords: youth, Youth 2030 Strategy, level of youth policy, international cooperation, education, employment, Council of Europe, European Union.
Introduction
Young people play an important role in the development of the world community. Therefore, it should be dealt with comprehensively and at all levels of civilizational development. The importance of the activities of the United Nations is great. UNESCO’s activities are of particular interest. Since 1985, the World Congress on Youth Issues has been operating, since 1999 – the UNESCO Youth Forum. In 2000, the Oxfam International Youth Parliament was formed. It is a global network of young leaders from more than 150 countries united by the common idea of “building a just and lasting peace without wars and conflicts by young people”. [1]
The UN Youth 2030 Strategy, adopted in 2018, is aimed at further strengthening the UN’s potential in the field of interaction with youth. It emphasizes that not only partnerships are needed with young people. It is necessary to ensure that young men and women are not only heard, but also understood, not only involved in work, but also endowed with real powers, not only supported, but also led global efforts and processes. Other tasks put forward in the Strategy relate to such important issues for the life of young people as education, medical care, decent work, support for the participation of young people in civil and political activities, in the work to achieve peace and security.
“The Strategy is designed to strengthen the impact and scale up efforts at the global, regional and country levels to meet the needs of youth, strengthen the capacity and empower youth in all their diversity, around the world, as well as to ensure their participation in the implementation and review of the 2030 Agenda and other agendas, and framework documents and in taking follow-up measures in connection with them”. [2] This article focuses on the disclosure of regional and national levels of formation and implementation of youth policy.
Materials and methods of research
The study of the actual problems of working with youth in the context of the regional level was carried out on the European material of implementing youth policy.
The European regional experience of youth policy stands out for its significant achievements. Along with the activities of the European Union, the role of the Council of Europe is of great importance. In 1985, it hosted the European Youth Week and the first Conference of European Youth Ministers. It should be noted that this body adopted the European Charter on Youth Participation in Municipal and Regional Life in March 1992.
The body implementing the youth policy of the Council of Europe is the Directorate for Youth and Sports, located in the European Youth Center in Strasbourg. The second such center was established in Budapest. These structures are a platform for members of youth organizations, where experts in the field of youth policy meet to work together at the international level. Responsibility for the implementation of the European Youth Policy is assigned to the European Steering Committee for Youth Affairs (CDEJ), which determines the areas of activity in the field of youth. Its proposals are being discussed at the Joint Council on Youth Issues. A division of the Council of Europe is the European Youth Foundation, founded in 1972. Its goal is to strengthen cooperation between young people through financial support of European youth programs. [3]
The national level of development of the youth sphere is represented by such countries as Germany, France, Sweden, Finland, Spain, Lithuania and Estonia. The experience they have accumulated may arouse the interest of countries outside Europe as well.
Conclusions and generalizations on the research topic are made in the context of comparative political science and problem-chronological approaches.
The historiography of the multilevel nature of youth policy is not rich, including its European vector. Therefore, the preparation of the article was carried out on the basis of an analysis of the materials available for our search with the prospect of further research of the selected problem. The publications of the Russian authors A. V. Sokolov [3] and E. Grachev [4], as well as the report of researchers from the Institute of Europe and other institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Youth Policy. European Experience”, prepared for the use of this experience in the development of youth policy in Russia. [5] Materials in an electronic format were also used to write the article. Some aspects of the multilevel nature of youth policy are highlighted in a number of publications by the authors of this article.
Youth policy of the Council of Europe and the European Union
The activities of the Council of Europe and the European Union in the field of youth policy, despite all the similarity of tasks, differ significantly in the ways they are implemented. While the EU, having large financial resources at its disposal, has chosen the implementation of a centralized program as the main way of working, the Council of Europe pays more attention to research, educational activities and cooperation with member countries. These differences have identified opportunities for cooperation between the two institutions in order to complement their agendas. Describing the substantive basis of the European youth policy, it should be noted the White Paper “New Incentives for the Youth of Europe”, adopted by the European Commission in November 2001. The White Paper is not a legislative document, however, it is distributed among EU institutions and adopted by the European Commission. It outlines proposals to increase the participation of young people in public life, increase their awareness of issues of European integration and the development of the European Union, as well as a call for young Europeans to form a more active civic position based on new principles of cooperation, involving strengthening international cooperation within the EU and deepening the youth component in other policy areas. In addition to the structures directly related to the secretariat of the Council of Europe and the European Commission, there are a number of specialized institutes of European youth policy. These are the European Agency for Youth Information and Consultations (ERICA) and the European Information Center “Eurodesk”.
A significant place is given to the youth themselves and their organizations. Pan-European youth organizations have been created and are developing. This makes Europe especially different from other regions. In 1996, the desire of youth organizations for European integration led to the replacement of three existing platforms in the field of youth work (CENIC, the European Coordinating Bureau of International Youth Organizations, the European Union Youth Forum) with one pan–European – the European Youth Forum (EMF). It is the largest and most influential youth structure in Europe, uniting national youth councils and international youth organizations representing the interests of young people in Europe at the European and international level. It acts as a recognized partner of the Council of Europe, the European Commission of the European Parliament, the United Nations, and strives to develop the potential of youth within Europe and beyond. Priority areas of activity are social issues, education, mobility, interdependence and solidarity, women’s rights, youth policy and programs, development of democratic youth structures, training [3, pp. 87, 94, 96-97]. Youth parliaments function under representative government bodies. The main goal of the European Youth Parliament, founded in 1987, is to involve young people in the process of European integration, to support the interests of young people at the international level. In European countries, there are National Youth Councils that represent the interests of young people and protect their rights at the national level. The councils of a number of countries cooperate with the UN and other international institutions.
Thus, the European mechanism for implementing youth policy seems complicated, but quite effective. Further consideration of the national level of implementation of youth policy in a number of European countries concretizes the regional approach and highlights the features of its development. Despite the active integration processes in the European youth sphere, practice reveals many distinctive features of working with young people in each country.
Germany can be cited as a positive example. Youth policy is implemented in this country at three levels – federal, land and municipal through constant and extensive cooperation between the authorities and non-governmental organizations. In general, it is characterized by an integrated approach and coverage of the most important areas for young people. The provision of jobs for young people is coordinated with the education policy. There are two basic federal laws in force in the country: “On assistance to youth and children” and “On Protection of youth”. A federal plan for youth and children’s policy is adopted annually.
The Ministry of Family Affairs, the Elderly, Women and Youth is responsible for the formation of youth policy. At the same time, both administrative districts and cities are responsible for working with young people. They are obliged to create youth services on their territories. In addition, there are a number of federal agencies that, one way or another, address youth policy issues in their activities. The key instruments of youth policy are the federal and land councils for children and youth, as well as two interregional associations: the German Federal Youth Council and the Council of Political Youth. The first association includes almost all major youth organizations and youth land councils, the second – political youth formations of the parties represented in the Bundestag.
Numerous public organizations and the youth themselves are also involved in the implementation of youth policy. Of note is the Federal Advisory Committee on Youth Affairs, which is an expert group that prepares recommendations for the Government. Every four years, the Federal Government submits a “Report on the situation of youth”, which assesses achievements and formulates proposals on the need to make long-term decisions in the future aimed at the effective implementation of youth policy.
There is no special law in France regarding youth policy. The regulation of the youth sphere takes place through disparate regulations concerning certain aspects of support for young people. The priorities of the youth policy are the improvement of interdepartmental interaction, providing young people with access to education, their professional orientation and training, the development of mechanisms for personal participation of youth representatives in the decision-making process. The Ministry of Health, Youth, Sports and Public Life is in charge of youth policy. It is responsible for coordinating interdepartmental projects. The Ministry has an advisory body for youth affairs – the National Council for Youth Affairs, established in 1998, which is headed by the Minister. Issues related to youth policy are also discussed in parliamentary commissions. These are the Commission on Culture and Education in the National Assembly and the Commission on Culture, Education and Communications in the Senate. Since 1982, the Interministerial Commission on Youth Affairs has been functioning, coordinating the activities of individual ministries in this area.
The National Institute of Youth and Public Education develops recommendations for the Government, which indicates the scientific justification of youth policy. Serious work in the field of youth policy is carried out at the level of municipalities, thanks to which local peculiarities and requests are taken into account when implementing it. Periodically, it is the local authorities that raise controversial issues, bringing them to the national level. [4, pp.135, 136, 139, 140] The three-level approach (national, regional and local) is distinguished by the Swedish state youth policy. The national level includes the Parliament, the Government, various ministries and other government bodies. The Parliament defines the main goals and objectives of youth policy. Coordination in this area is carried out by the Parliamentary Committee on Culture. For the first time, the Minister responsible for youth issues was appointed in 1986. After the restructuring of the Government in 1998, responsibility for youth policy was transferred to the Ministry of Culture, working in close contact with other interested ministries. The State Youth Council, established in 1959, is active. At the regional level, the greatest responsibility of local authorities falls on the sphere of health and culture. The municipal level is primarily responsible for the issues of training and employment of young people. Most municipal authorities have established youth councils to increase the influence of youth on the life of society. Monitoring of the implementation of the tasks is carried out by the National Council for Youth Affairs, which annually reports to the Government on the state of living conditions of young people. [5]
In Finland, legislation in the field of youth work was first adopted in 1972. This is the Youth Act. The structure responsible for youth policy is the Ministry of Education and Culture. With the participation of other ministries, it prepares a development program for four years, which is adopted by the Government of the country. The document contains the main priorities of youth policy and is aimed at ensuring intersectoral cooperation in this area. The expert bodies supporting the Ministry of Education and Culture are the State Advisory Council on Youth Affairs and the Committee on Subsidies for Youth Organizations. The Finnish Center for International Mobility coordinates and manages scholarship and exchange programs, and is also responsible for the implementation of almost all educational, cultural and youth programs of the European Union. The Parliamentary Commission on Youth Affairs is functioning.
Youth work and youth policy at the regional level is carried out by regional government departments under the leadership of the Ministry of Education and Culture. The current Children and Youth Policy Program provides municipalities with guidance and models for implementing the government program. In addition, many municipalities also implement their own programs in the youth sphere. It should be noted that a non-governmental structure working with young people is the National Youth Council of Finland. There are also several local youth councils. They cooperate with each other through the umbrella organization “Union of Finnish Youth Councils”.
Spain has not adopted a special law on youth and youth policy. Youth policy is regulated by the national constitutional legislation of the autonomous regions in such areas as vocational training, employment, health, housing, education, environment, culture, sports, tourism and recreation, volunteering, etc. Since 2002, work has been carried out in Spain to harmonize the legislation of autonomous communities on youth policy issues.
In Spain, there is an interdepartmental commission on youth Affairs, established in 2008 as a separate body to support youth programs of the National Public Administration in the structure of the Ministry of Equal Opportunities. The Commission consists of the highest representatives of each ministry and the President of the National Youth Council of Spain. The Council is a platform for youth organizations (established in 1983), whose main task is to promote the participation of young people in the political, social, economic and cultural life of Spain.
The Spanish Youth Institute acts as a kind of information conductor for the regions in the Inter-Territorial Youth Council, which gathers the heads of youth affairs departments of all regions. At the regional level, the Institute and autonomous communities sign agreements to promote equal opportunities for young people, taking into account the priorities of the region.
Youth policy of the Baltic region
Lithuania has adopted a special law “On the basics of youth policy”. The Ministry of Social Security and Labor has a Department of Financial Support for Children and Youth and a Department for Youth Affairs. The main tasks of the Department of Youth Affairs are the preparation and implementation of State programs on youth policy, analysis of the situation of youth and youth organizations in Lithuania, coordination of the activities of national and municipal institutions and agencies in the field of youth policy, implementation of other youth-related activities. The Youth Affairs Council acts as an advisory body of the Director of the Department of Youth Affairs. The Parliamentary Commission on Youth and Sports is engaged in the formulation and implementation of youth policy in general.
There are also youth councils at the municipal level, consisting on a parity basis of representatives of the local administration and young people. Since 2003, a position of coordinator for youth policy has been created in all municipalities, which is funded from the national budget. The main representative of the non–governmental sector is the National Youth Council of Lithuania, which is an independent union of youth non-governmental organizations and regional unions of youth organizations. There are also regional youth councils in municipalities. [6]
The State youth policy in the Republic of Estonia is regulated by the Law on Youth Work adopted by the Riigikogu on February 17, 1999. The Youth Work Development Strategy for 2006-2013 and the Youth Sphere Development Program for 2014-2020 were adopted. Decisions related to the implementation of the State youth policy are made by the Cultural Affairs Commission, which is part of the Riigikogu, and executed by the Ministry of Education and Science. It organizes the implementation of youth policy, coordinates the activities of a subordinate institution – the Estonian Youth Work Center. The Minister of Education and Science is advised by a representative body, the Youth Policy Council. In 2001, the Institute of Youth Work of Estonia was founded, which is engaged in conducting research and collecting information about the state of the youth sphere of the republic. The organization of youth work in local governments is the prerogative of local self-government, which can rely on the help of the non-profit sector. [7]
Youth policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Attention to youth, its achievements are important for the development of international cooperation of young people, which is characterized by many advantages, including contributing to the formation of the country’s image abroad. Active involvement in this process requires participants to possess certain skills and level of training. We need not only an exchange of views, dialogue, but also concrete actions. The prospect of this process will depend not only on how much the role and significance of international youth activities are taken into account at a high level, but also on a constant constructive approach aimed at developing this area. Youth diplomacy is a popular form of youth interaction today, its potential is growing. [8]
The youth direction occupies a special place in the development of independent Kazakhstan. This emphasizes both the youth of the Kazakh state and the importance of the younger generation in its life. In February 2015, the third Law “On State Youth Policy” came into force.
There were changes in the management of youth policy. The State Committee for Youth Affairs, Physical Culture and Sports, formed in 1991, was soon transformed into the State Committee for Youth Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Youth affairs committees were established locally in all regions, in many cities and districts. In 1993, the State Committee for Youth Affairs and the Ministry of Tourism, Physical Culture and Sports were abolished and a single body was created instead: the Ministry of Youth Affairs, Tourism and Sports of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In the future, during the next reorganizations of public administration bodies, structures in various ministries began to deal with youth. Currently, the Committee on Youth and Family Affairs is functioning as part of the Ministry of Information and Social Development. Management in the youth sphere is also represented by the Youth Policy Council under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The Council for Youth Affairs under the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic was established. The managerial vertical in the youth sphere in the regions is being strengthened. The network of youth organizations is expanding. Associations of young people in ethno-cultural associations are being created. In April 2014, the Republican Youth Association “Zharasym” was established at the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan. Youth wings appeared in political parties. One of the first directions in youth policy is education. There is an opinion that it is in this area that the question of inequality of people in the future is rooted. We can agree with this judgment, since the quality of education largely depends on the receipt of decent work by boys and girls. Noting the importance of these two most important issues highlighted in the UN Youth 2030 Strategy, we will stop on the international program “Bolashak”.
The Bolashak Scholarship was established in 1993 on the initiative of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbayev. Despite the difficulties in the development of the state at that time, funds for the implementation of this initiative were found. Over the years, the program has gone through several stages in its development. Its main directions and requirements for fellows are continuously being improved, adapting to the needs of the national economy, priorities of state policy and the realities of the modern world. [9]
Conclusion
A review of the European experience shows that the implementation of youth policy in the region is most often of a three-level nature. It makes it possible to work more effectively with young people and to reach wider layers of them. A number of countries have developed legislation, specialized state bodies have been created to manage the youth sphere, and youth associations have been formed. Constructive interaction between state and public structures has a positive effect on improving work with young people.
The regional level makes it possible to use the opportunities and additional resources that arise when combining the efforts of groups of states, as well as to take into account the peculiarities of a particular territorial space to solve youth problems. The role of States is extremely important for its functioning. This conclusion can be argued by the position that the implementation of activities at the regional level by national-level structures is largely feasible due to the integration of states into the world community, the expansion of international cooperation, taking into account the importance of the younger generation in society. This actualizes the activities of various international organizations, special structures that carry out a “bundle” of both internal components of the youth sphere and the regional level of youth policy as a whole. Additional opportunities are opening up to expand the interaction of boys and girls, combine the latest trends in youth work with their own experience and national characteristics, and more successfully develop forms of youth policy that go beyond the borders of one state. In turn, the activation of youth cooperation is a good help for strengthening the interaction of states and international structures, increasing the effectiveness of their activities.
References and Notes
[1] Все разные, все уникальные: Бюро ЮНЕСКО по Азербайджану, Армении, Беларуси, Грузии, Республики Молдова и Российской Федерации в Москве. (2005). UNESCO. Москва: НП «Издательская фирма ЮниПринт». с. 72. [Vse raznыe, vse unikalynыe: Byuro YuNESKO po Azerbaydzhanu, Armenii, Belarusi, Gruzii, Respubliki Moldova i Rossiyskoy Federatsii v Moskve. (2005). UNESCO. Moskva: NP «Izdatelyskaya firma YuniPrint». s. 72.]
[2] Молодежная стратегия ООН «Молодежь – 2030» (2018): Молодёжная стратегия ООН 2030. – UNESCO. http://un.by/images/news/2018/UN_Youth_Strategy-Russian.pdf. Retrieved on 06.22.2021. [Molodezhnaya strategia OON «Molodezhy – 2030» (2018): Molodёzhnaya strategia OON 2030. – UNESCO. http://un.by/ images/news/2018/UN_Youth_Strategy-Russian.pdf. Retrieved on 06.22.2021.]
[3] Соколов, А. В. (2009). Современные институты молодежной политики в Европе: история становления и развития. Вестник международных организаций, № 1, c. 84–99, 88–89, 92–93. [Sokolov, A. V. (2009). Sovremennыe institutы molodezhnoy politiki v Evrope: istoria stanovlenia i razvitia. Vestnik mezhdunarodnыh organizatsiy, № 1, s. 84–99, 88–89, 92–93.]
[4] Грачев, Е. (2016). Молодежная политика в Европейском Союзе. Международные процессы, т.14, № 4, с. 133–142. [Grachev, E. (2016). Molodezhnaya politika v Evropeyskom Soyuze. Mezhdunarodnыe protsessы, t.14, № 4, s. 133–142.]
[5] Борко, Ю. А. Тимошенкова, Е. П., Кавешников, Н. Ю. и др. (2005). Молодежная политика. Европейский опыт. с. 61. [Borko, Yu. A. Timoshenkova, E. P., Kaveshnikov, N. Yu. i dr. (2005). Molodezhnaya politika. Evropeyskiy opыt. s. 61.]
[6] Анализ опыта молодежной политики в наиболее конкурентоспособных зарубежных странах, а также в странах, входящих в БРИКС. https//studopedia.org/ 4-155496.html. Retrieved on 06.25.2019. [Analiz opыta molodezhnoy politiki v naibolee konkurentosposobnыh zarubezhnыh stranah, a takzhe v stranah, vhodyashtih v BRIKS. https//studopedia.org/4-155496.html. Retrieved on 06.25.2019.]
[7] Государственная молодежная политика в Эстонской Республике. https://dic. academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/631214. Retrieved on 05.31.2019; молодежная политика. https:www.hm.ee/ru/meropriyatiya/molodyozhnaya-sfera/molodyozhnaya- politika. Retrieved 05.31.2019. [Gosudarstvennaya molodezhnaya politika v Эstonskoy Respublike. https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/631214. Retrieved on 05.31.2019; molodezhnaya politika. https:www.hm.ee/ru/meropriyatiya/molodyozhnaya-sfera/ molodyozhnaya-politika. Retrieved 05.31.2019.]
[8] Асадов, Б. Р. (2014). Международная молодежная дипломатия как инструмент формирования имиджа страны в современных условиях, Известия Сарат. ун-та. Нов. сер. Сер. Социология. Политология, т. 14, вып.1., с. 106–107 [Asadov, B. R. (2014). Mezhdunarodnaya molodezhnaya diplomatia kak instrument formirovania imidzha stranы v sovremennыh usloviyah, Izvestia Sarat. un-ta. Nov. ser. Ser. Sotsiologia. Politologia, t. 14, vыp.1., s. 106–107]
[9] Хомс, Н. (2019). «Болашак»: секрет успеха, Казахстанская правда, 8 ноября 2019. [Homs, N. (2019). «Bolashak»: sekret uspeha, Kazahstanskaya pravda, 8 noyabrya 2019.]
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Ръкописът е изпратен на 16.09.2022 г.
Рецензиране от двама независими рецензенти: от 20.10.2022 до 05.11.2022 г.
Приемане за публикуване: 15.12.2022 г.
Manuscript was submitted: 16.09.2022.
Double Blind Peer Reviews: from 20.10.2022 till 05.11.2022.
Accepted: 15.12.2022.
Брой 54 на сп. „Реторика и комуникации“, януари 2023 г. се издава с финансовата помощ на Фонд научни изследвания, договор № КП-06-НП4/72 от 16 декември 2022 г.
Issue 54 of the Rhetoric and Communications Journal (January 2023) is published with the financial support of the Scientific Research Fund, Contract No. KP-06-NP4/72 of December 16, 2022.